57 pages • 1 hour read
Kojo was the first enslaved African to reach the Sea Islands, brought over by Spanish soldiers in the 16th century. During his enslavement, Kojo was stripped of his African name and given many other names in the language of his enslavers. Kojo befriended the Indigenous Americans on the islands, who were similarly oppressed by the Spanish. The Spanish soldiers erroneously believed that the islands were rich with gold and pushed the Indigenous Americans to show them the location of the supposed riches. When they were unable to do so, the soldiers began killing Indigenous elders.
One day, the enslaved people were visited by an old woman, who gave them an herbal salve and ordered them to cover their bodies with it. She then led everyone to a hill used as an Indigenous American ritual burial ground and announced that there was gold underneath it. The Spanish soldiers eagerly charged ahead, only to be attacked by roused spirits. A fierce battle broke out. Kojo took a bullet from a Spanish soldier but discovered that the salve rendered him immune to injury. He proceeded to kill all but one soldier, who ran back to the village to raise the alarm. Standing over the bodies of the dead, he declared, “My name is Kojo!” (167). Upon returning, the soldier discovered that all of the Indigenous American people had vanished.
Eli believes that the spirit of Kojo remains on the islands in the people themselves. He recalls a time many years ago when an anti-lynching advocate named Ira Fielder hid on Dawtuh Island from his white pursuers. The white men raided all of the homes on the island, beating those who refused to cooperate. Though he feared for his life, Eli credits Kojo with giving him the strength to stand up to the men. He also attributes Ira’s escape to Kojo, stating his belief that Kojo took Ira safely to the North.
In the narrative present, Iona emerges from her house, embracing Amelia and inviting her inside. She shows Amelia a photo album of her other Gullah relatives, including a photo of Haagar with her late son Emmett “Ninny Jugs” Peazant. Haagar’s favorite child, Emmett was stabbed to death in New York over an unpaid debt. After his murder, Haagar was briefly committed to a psychiatric hospital. Flipping to a picture of Julien, Iona begins to tell the story of their marriage.
Iona recalls how the Indigenous American and Black people on the islands have always lived in harmony, protecting one another from white enslavers and sharing their traditions and cultures. It was only natural for her to fall in love with St. Julien Last Child, the only remaining Cherokee man on Dawtuh Island. On the day that Iona was slated to leave for New York with Haagar, Julien wrote her a letter entreating her to stay. Iona boarded the boat with her family, but upon seeing Julien waiting on the shore, she jumped out and ran to him. She was ashamed of betraying her family and hid out in the backwoods with him for years, deeply conflicted and unhappy. Noticing her sorrow, Julien took it upon himself to bring Nana Peazant back to see Iona. Nana gave her blessing for Iona and Julien to marry, deeming him a good man. They were married at the Dawtuh Island church in a wedding that blended Cherokee and Gullah-Geechee influences, and have lived happily together ever since, raising five children.
Over the next few days, Amelia helps Iona prepare for the annual Last Child family reunion. The festivities take place at a Cherokee burial site. All of the living Last Child relatives have gathered. A woman speaks for the group, stating that although they have each gone their own way, they will always “return to this land for […] renewal” (186). They give their thanks to the land, which they call “Chicora,” and sing a traditional song that tells the story of how they came to the islands to escape the raids of white settlers. As the final night of celebrations draws to a close, Amelia approaches an attractive man named Boaz. He leads her into the woods, promising to take her to “a safe place” (194). They reach a tall oak tree and climb up together into the low branches. Amelia asks Boaz to tell her his story.
Boaz was orphaned at only three years old. He was taken in by the Samuelsons, a farming family in the Piedmont region of Carolina. In his youth, he married a woman named Mary Rose. At first, he was a callous and unappreciative husband, often leaving her alone to go drinking and dancing in town, but after staying in bed with a broken leg, he realized all the hard work she put into caring for the land and for him. He gained a new attraction to her, and when his leg was healed, he tried to force himself on her, causing her to flee the house. Afterward, when Mary Rose returned, he asked her to teach him how to touch her gently. Their relationship flourished, and he fell truly in love with her. Mary Rose became pregnant with their first child, a baby girl named Chloe, but died during childbirth. Boaz couldn’t stand to be around his daughter and ran away to join a traveling railroad crew. Years later, he spotted Chloe and promised to be present in her life going forward. He continued to work with the railroad crew but sent money home every month for Chloe. Boaz says that he still misses Mary Rose, but that he is not looking to replace her in his life because “it ain’t right to hold a woman to another woman’s image” (197). Moved, Amelia turns to kiss Boaz, and the two have sex.
After her encounter with Boaz, Amelia becomes less inhibited and even offers to help Elizabeth fix up Nana’s house. After a day of work at the house, Amelia and Elizabeth visit Carrie Mae’s bar. Carrie Mae is surprised when Sallie Lee and Willis George show up. Sallie Lee is unusually gregarious, while Willis George is reserved. One day, Amelia receives letters from the university, Haagar, and Myown. Professor Colby has sent Amelia a note complimenting her latest research. He mentions that Amelia’s photos have helped him understand why her anonymous benefactor is so interested in the land. Haagar has sent Amelia a return ticket and the news that Myown is doing poorly, but Myown’s letter claims that everything is going well and asks her to pass on her love to the family. Amelia knows that Myown would downplay her condition so as not to worry her, just as Haagar would use any possible tactic to get her back to New York. Shaken, she turns to Eula for advice. Eula tells her gently that Myown feels guilty for depriving Amelia of a childhood among her loving family and wishes that she had sent her daughter to the islands long ago.
Amelia and Elizabeth once again visit the Bouvier sisters. Natalie has sent word that Elizabeth’s charms are flying off the shelves in Paris; she also sends money and material to make more. While moving a portrait of Burton into the attic, Elizabeth comments that she suspects him of having been an abusive husband. While organizing the attic, Amelia finds a trunk full of old photographs depicting the sisters in their younger years. Elizabeth is shocked to recognize Ol’ Trent standing with Miss Evangeline in what looks like a wedding photo. The photo is captioned, “the happy couple” (213). Elizabeth comments that Ol’ Trent and the other Wilkerson boys could pass as white.
Back on Dawtuh Island, they see Willis George’s two young boys, dragging the bassinet containing baby Sugar. Sallie Lee has vanished, leaving them alone. Eula and Eli look after the children while Willis George searches for Sallie Lee. Late that night, he returns with a silent Sallie Lee in tow to pick up the children. As they leave, Amelia is shocked to see anger blazing in Sallie Lee’s eyes. The following day, Lucy requests additional help from Elizabeth and Amelia to plow a piece of land that she and her fiancé, Charlie, plan to buy from the Wilkersons. Trinity Wilkerson received the especially fertile and beautiful land as part of her “40 acres,” a short-lived land redistribution deal offered to formerly enslaved people during the Reconstruction era. The Wilkersons have long since left the islands, with only Ol’ Trent returning.
Taking a break from the demanding work, Amelia contemplates her eventual return to New York. She has enough information to write her thesis, but she dreads having to return to work under Haagar and her father. She begins formulating a vague plan to move out with her mother. Amelia’s thoughts are interrupted by a scream from Lucy. The plow has turned up a human skeleton with chains attached to the leg bones. Elizabeth carries a distraught Lucy back to the house and gives her a sedative potion. Eli and Eula continue overturning the land, eventually discovering the skeletal remains of three people, all chained together. The following day, people from all over the island gather to search the Wilkerson field. They uncover a mass grave inside a shallow trench containing the remains of many enslaved people, still shackled. Elizabeth notices the phrase “The Sorcerer” engraved on one of the shackles. When she reads it out, a collective gasp goes up from the gathered group. Miz Emma Julia begins to tell the story of “The Sorcerer.”
In this section of the novel, Building Identity Through History and Storytelling continues to be a dominant theme as each new tale adds to Amelia’s understanding of the Gullah-Geechee people’s preservation of collective memory. The stories told by Eli and Iona are particularly important in explaining the relationship between Black people and Indigenous American people on the Sea Islands. “The Legend of Kojo’s Trace” blends African and Indigenous American mythology, painting a picture of the way that enslaved West Africans and Indigenous Americans protected one another against the oppression of white Europeans. Stories of Indigenous Americans and Black people working as allies honor the influence of this connection within Gullah-Geechee culture, keeping the traditions of the people alive and highlighting a different aspect of the ongoing theme of Cultural Preservation Versus Assimilation.
The Importance of Family and Community is further developed in a myriad of ways as Amelia continues to develop her relationship with Elizabeth and others on the island, growing into herself and gaining confidence to step outside the conventions of propriety prescribed by Haagar. Her fling with Boaz therefore functions as a late coming of age. Their enthusiastically consensual encounter, which happens in “a safe place,” (194) offers a contrast to the manifold stories of sexual violence perpetuated against Black women. Boaz’s story reveals that he too was once a perpetrator of sexual violence and had to be taught how to treat a woman gently. His tale shows how deeply the commodification of Black women’s bodies runs, but his growth into a considerate lover provides hope that this mindset can be unlearned. In addition to this transformational experience, Amelia’s horizons continue to broaden in even more significant ways in Chapter 10, for she slowly begins to relinquish the idea of returning to New York after completing her fieldwork and instead contemplates the possibility of leaving her grandmother’s house. It is only with her newfound sense of self on Dawtuh Island that she is able to contemplate standing up to Haagar and moving out of the Harlem apartment with her mother.
As Amelia delves more deeply into the many nuances of her family’s history, the widespread effects of slavery upon the Gullah-Geechee culture become apparent in many ways, and the motif of migration, whether forced or voluntary, also appears in the stories told by Eli and Iona. Eli’s story highlights the effects of forced migration on the identity of enslaved people. Kojo is known as “de captive wit many names” (165) for the various epithets he is given after his capture. To his enslavers, he is “nothing […] nobody till he belong to dem” (165). Kojo experiences a total erasure of identity and is only able to reclaim his true name after battling the Spanish soldiers. Similarly, Dash explores the way that even voluntary migration can entail a loss of identity. Haagar’s migration to the North and assimilation to the mindset of the mainland involves a forfeiting of identity through the destruction of her family unit and loss of the culture in which she was raised. When shackled human remains are discovered on the Wilkerson land, the grief and trauma of slavery are brought forcefully back to the forefront of the narrative. The location of the bones, on a plot of land given to the Wilkersons during the short-lived Reconstruction era, symbolizes how the legacy of slavery continues to have a profound effect on life on Dawtuh Island. The migration of many Peazants to the North was partially an attempt to escape this legacy, but Amelia’s return to Dawtuh Island has now brought her face-to-face with the darkest parts of her family’s history.
Plus, gain access to 8,800+ more expert-written Study Guides.
Including features: