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76 pages 2 hours read

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2007

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Part 1, Chapter 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “The Three Heartbreaks of Belicia Cabral, 1955-1962”

Yunior returns as the narrator as the setting shifts to the Dominican Republic in the 1950s. Here, he stylizes himself as a semi-omniscient storyteller akin to Uatu the Watcher, a character from the The Fantastic Four and other Marvel Comics.

When Belicia is only a few weeks old, her father, Abelard Cabral, is imprisoned by the Trujillo regime. The family is broken apart, and Belicia ends up an orphan in the care of a string of abusive foster parents. At the age of nine, Belicia is finally recovered by her father’s cousin La Inca, a widow who raises the girl as her daughter. When La Inca finds Belicia, the girl is locked in a chicken coop with horrific, life-threatening burns on her back.

After young Belicia recovers, the two live in Baní, where La Inca owns and operates a successful bakery. Through Belicia, La Inca hopes to recapture the glory of the Cabral family name. She pulls strings to have Belicia sent to El Redentor, one of the city’s top private schools, and constantly reminds the girl that her father was one of the most respected doctors in the Dominican Republic. Belicia, with the same restlessness that will afflict her daughter a generation later, resists La Inca’s efforts to transform her into a proper gentlewoman. Moreover, Belicia’s dark skin makes her feel like an outcast among the light-skinned sons and daughters of the Trujillo regime’s elite who attend El Redentor.

As La Inca dreams of Belicia becoming a doctor, Belicia can think of nothing but boys—particularly her classmate Jack Pujols, the son of one of Trujillo’s top air force colonels. Handsome and cocky, Jack will later align himself with the murderous dictator Joaquín Balaguer, Yunior points out. Belicia is invisible to Jack until her sophomore year, when she undergoes puberty and acquires, in Yunior’s words, “that body that made her famous in Baní” (91).

Before long, Jack is giving Belicia rides in his Mercedes and having sex with her in the supply closet at El Redentor. This goes on for a month until a teacher discovers them in the closet. Scandal erupts, as Belicia learns that Jack is engaged to the daughter of another prominent family in Baní. Jack’s father sends him to military school in Puerto Rico, and Belicia loses her scholarship, ending La Inca’s hopes of transforming her adoptive daughter into a respected member of the community worthy of the Cabral family name.

From this point forward, Belicia adopts a fiercely defiant streak of independence. Rather than return to school, she gets a job as a waitress at a local Chinese restaurant run by the Then Brothers, Juan and José. As much as this decision upsets La Inca, she can never exercise a firm hand against Belicia, in large part because of the pity and shame she felt upon first discovering her close to death in the chicken coop.

After 18 months at the restaurant, during which Belicia continues to pine for Jack despite numerous suitors, she befriends a new waitress named Constantina. One night, Belicia accompanies Constantina to a dance club. There, a handsome, well-dressed man in his thirties whom Yunior refers to as “the Gangster” asks to buy Belicia a drink. When she turns away, the Gangster grabs her arm and asks, “Where are you going, morena?” (115)—“morena” being a slang term for a dark-skinned Dominican woman. Outraged, Belicia shrieks and erupts into a flurry of violence, throwing anything she can get her hands on and hitting him repeatedly with her fists. When she is done, the Gangster points to his lips and says, “You missed a spot” (116).

Over the next few days, Belicia complains about the man’s rudeness nonstop until Constantina points out her fixation. Shortly thereafter, Belicia insists on returning to the club, where she quickly finds the Gangster and asks him to dance.

Yunior writes that the Gangster rose from poverty to become a significant player in Trujillo’s regime by infiltrating unions and killing his first “communist” by the age of 14. From there, he worked on behalf of a series of Trujillo flunkies, engaging in theft, extortion, forgery, money laundering, and assassination. By 22, he operated brothels across the country, trafficking in women from Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela. At the time he meets Belicia, the gangster is reeling from Fidel Castro’s revolution and the fall of Cuba’s US-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista, an ally of Trujillo’s.

Although the Gangster’s age gives Belicia pause, she falls hard for his tenderness and attentiveness in bed, particularly relative to Jack. Moreover, he takes her to all the nicest restaurants and introduces her to all the major political figures in Baní. His promises—like that they he will buy a 10-room house for them to live in together—blind her to the troubling fact that she has never been to his home and that they never meet for sex anywhere other than motels.

As Trujillo begins to lose his grip on the country, forcing the Gangster to be away for longer periods of time, Belicia learns she is pregnant. The Gangster is less than thrilled about this news, an attitude which makes more sense to Belicia when she finally learns he is married. What’s more, the Gangster is married to Trujillo’s sister, a woman who is nearly as feared and pitiless as Trujillo himself.

Two days after learning that a young woman is pregnant with her husband’s baby, Trujillo’s sister—known as “La Fea” or “the ugly woman”—sends two of her henchmen to grab Belicia and take her to an abortionist. As the henchmen try to force her into a car, Belicia sees José and shouts to him. José and a group of others from the restaurant fight off the henchmen, and Belicia escapes.

Rather than go into hiding, Belicia deceives herself into believing the Gangster will save her. A few days later, the henchmen go to her house, handcuff her, and force her into a car before La Inca can intervene. Frightened and devastated, La Inca collapses to her knees before a portrait of La Virgen de Altagracia, the patron saint of the Dominican Republic, and prays like she has never prayed before. She is soon joined by over a dozen other women in her neighborhood.

Meanwhile, the henchmen drive Belicia to the canefields outside town. On the way, she sees a Man Without a Face standing outside the car. Once in the canefields, the henchmen beat Belicia within an inch of her life, breaking her clavicle, her humerus, and five of her ribs. She suffers internal bleeding, a collapsed lung, and several knocked-out teeth. Yunior infers that the henchmen also raped her, but that is impossible to know because Belicia would never talk about something like that.

Yunior admits that he cannot vouch for what happens next. Belicia wakes up alone in the canefields in excruciating pain. A mongoose with golden eyes appears and guides her to the main road by singing to her in a woman’s voice. On the road, she is discovered by a troupe of merengue musicians. They bring her back to town, where La Inca, through her connections within the medical community, secures the best doctors to come to her house and treat Belicia. After five days in a coma, Belicia wakes up screaming at the loss of her baby. That same night, Trujillo is gunned down by assassins, an act of zafa Yunior likens to the demise of Sauron, the main antagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings series.

Over the next few months, La Inca makes all the necessary arrangements to have Belicia sent to New York. Although the henchmen occasionally emerge with vague threats, they never attack her, perhaps because they fear retribution after the fall of Trujillo. Belicia and the Gangster meet one last time in a motel, where they have sex and he encourages her to move to New York.

Eighteen days later, Belicia is on a plane. The stranger sitting next to her will later become her husband and Lola and Oscar’s father. He, too, will break her heart, leaving her after three years.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Analysis

Chapter 3 flashes back to the Dominican Republic of the late 1950s and early 1960s during the waning days of the Trujillo regime. Trujillo’s ascent grew in part as a result of the United States’ 1916 invasion of the Dominican Republic. The campaign was launched after the Dominican Republic threatened to default on its foreign debts. The subsequent three-year US occupation led to a period of political and economic instability that outlasted the American presence in the country.

It was out of this chaos that Trujillo rose to power as the head of the Dominican military. In 1931, Trujillo negotiated a deal with Rafael Estrella Ureña, the head of the Dominican resistance movement, that allowed Estrella’s troops to march on Santo Domingo unopposed and to depose President Horacio Vásquez. In return, Estrella endorsed Trujillo’s run for president. During his campaign, Trujillo used his military power to harass and intimidate all other candidates, causing him to win 99% of the vote. To Díaz, the chaotic aftermath of the US occupation is a crucial factor in Trujillo’s rise. This history is consistent with the author’s broader theme that the misfortunes of the Dominican people, politically and personally, are the result of a curse unleashed by individuals of European descent.

Over the next two decades, as Trujillo carried out countless atrocities against perceived political enemies and Haitians, he maintained strong ties to the United States. However, by the timeframe in which Chapter 3 is set, Trujillo’s relationship with the US had deteriorated. Major turning points in US-Dominican relations included the 1956 disappearance of Columbia University professor Jesús Galíndez, who was rumored to be writing a book that criticized the Trujillo family, and the murder of the Mirabal sisters, three Dominican sisters who were highly visible in the resistance movement against Trujillo. These strained relations with foreign superpowers, combined with a 1959 failed invasion of the Dominican Republic by Cuba and various coup d’états across Central and South America, put Trujillo in an extraordinarily paranoid and vulnerable position at the time of Belicia’s coming of age. In short, she couldn’t have picked a worse time to be involved with the husband of Trujillo’s sister.

To Yunior, Trujillo is more than a historical figure; he is a mythic figure whose power, ambition, and capacity for evil are best captured by comparison to Sauron, the antagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. Of all the allegorical references in the book, The Lord of the Rings is the most prominent, the key text through which Yunior interprets the Trujillo regime. When describing the Gangster’s position in Trujillo’s government, Yunior writes, “[O]ur boy wasn’t no ringwraith, but he wasn’t no orc either” (119), signifying that the character is somewhere between an inner circle confidant and a foot soldier. Félix Wenceslao Bernardino, one of Trujillo’s lieutenants who lived long after the dictator’s death, is later called the “Witchking of Angmar” (Footnote, 340), who in The Lord of the Rings universe lived for centuries after Sauron’s demise. Appropriately, nearly all of Yunior’s Tolkien allusions refer to villains, reflecting the treachery of this period in Dominican history. The lone exception is that he likens La Inca to Galadriel, an ageless elf who helps the heroes of Tolkien’s trilogy on their journey. Even here, however, the allusion is used to highlight La Inca’s weakness rather than her heroism. He writes, “Everybody in the neighborhood will tell you how, shortly after [Belicia] slipped out of the country, La Inca began to diminish, like Galadriel after the temptation of the ring” (155).

Yunior’s extended Lord of the Rings metaphor is another example of how his fantastical references go far beyond eye-winking at readers. According to professor of Spanish and Latin American Studies Diana Pifano, the references provide a framework for younger members of the Dominican diaspora—including Yunior and Díaz himself—to interpret the Trujillo regime. Moreover, she adds, the mishmash of fantasy references, Spanish neologisms, and plain English reflects the incongruities of the Dominican diaspora, as individuals who belong to it are caught between multiple worlds (Pifano, Diana. “Reinterpreting the Diaspora and the Political Violence of the Trujillo Regime: The Fantastic as a Tool for Cultural Mediation in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.” Belphégor, 12(1). 15 Jun. 2014).

Oscar Wao reflects a decidedly mixed view of the Dominican diaspora. On one hand, Yunior’s distinct and innovative dialect could only come out of the cultural incongruities created by the diaspora. At the same time, the diaspora is often framed as one of the most devastating consequences of the Trujillo fukú. For example, when Yunior introduces the villainous Gangster, he writes, “Here he is, future generation of de Leóns and Cabrals: the man who stole your Founding Mother’s heart, who catapulted her and hers into the Diaspora” (114). Furthermore, in Belicia’s view, moving to America brought nothing good to her and her family. As she recalls meeting the Gangster while lying in a hospital bed dying of cancer, she says, “All I wanted was to dance. What I got instead was esto, she said, opening her arms to encompass the hospital, her children, her cancer, America” (113). Repeatedly, Yunior frames the diaspora as an attempt to escape the curses White Europeans unleashed on Central America. However, the curses follow Belicia wherever she goes and even continue to afflict her progeny, Lola and Oscar. Thus, there is no real escape for restless young women like Belicia and later Lola—only a partial severing from one’s ancestral origins that causes deep loneliness and isolation. 

Finally, these chapters introduce one of the most important symbols of the book: the mongoose. In many cultures, the mongoose represents good fortune or protection. Moreover, Yunior calls the mongoose “an enemy of kingly chariots, chains, and hierarchies” (Footnote, 340), like the Dominican Republic under Trujillo. However, it is an open question whether the mongoose is a force of good or ill for the characters. A mongoose leads Belicia out of the canefields where she would have certainly died without medical attention, but Belicia’s survival ensures even more hardship will be experienced by herself and her children, Lola and Oscar. Thus, it is difficult to say whether the mongoose is a countervailing force against the curse or an agent of the curse. If the latter is true, then Yunior’s worst fears are confirmed: The only way to break the curse is through death, and even moments of zafa are simply short-term bursts of good fortune that do little more than keep individuals on the path toward more fukú.

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